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Associating Blood Lead Concentration and Gray Matter Volume in the Brain Across the United States, as a Model for Flint, Michigan

Shira Lichter

January 31, 2023

ISBN: 979-8-89480-841-3


In 2015, Flint Michigan changed water sources from Lake Huron to the Flint River, which had water lead levels [15], correlated with blood lead levels [17]. Lead is highly neurotoxic [19], lowering grey matter volume [5]. Due to a lack of data from Flint, fMRI scans (after 2015) from Los Angeles, New York City, and Philadelphia were analyzed with voxel-based morphometry in spm12. Grey matter volumes were stratified by gender. Significant differences were found between average grey matter and water lead levels (p<0.00001). Philadelphia, with the highest lead levels (3.0 ppb), had significantly lower grey matter volume than all other cities. All locations had significantly lower volume than the control, demonstrating the impact of water lead. There were significant differences between cities of varied water lead Associating Blood Lead Concentration and Gray Matter Volume in the Brain Across the United States, as a Model for Flint, Michigan Shira Lichter concentrations. Philadelphia and Flint had the highest water lead levels, at 3.0 ppb, allowing Philadelphia to be used as a possible model for Flint. Keywords: Flint, lead, water lead, blood lead, blood-brain barrier, grey matter volume, fMRI, spm12, voxel-based morphometry, model, toxicity

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